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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sublineare Funktion</span></h1>
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<p>Eine <b>sublineare Funktion</b> oder <b>sublineare Abbildung</b> ist in der <a href="Lineare_Algebra" title="Lineare Algebra">linearen Algebra</a> eine <a href="Reellwertige_Funktion" title="Reellwertige Funktion">reellwertige Funktion</a> auf einem <a href="Reelle_Zahl" title="Reelle Zahl">reellen</a> oder <a href="Komplexe_Zahl" title="Komplexe Zahl">komplexen</a> <a href="Vektorraum" title="Vektorraum">Vektorraum</a>, die <a href="Homogene_Funktion#Positive_Homogenität" title="Homogene Funktion">positiv homogen</a> und <a href="Additivit%C3%A4t#Sub-_und_Superadditivität" class="mw-redirect" title="Additivität">subadditiv</a> ist. Sublineare Funktionen stellen damit eine gewisse Verallgemeinerung von <a href="Lineare_Abbildung" title="Lineare Abbildung">linearen Funktionen</a> dar, die als jeweils stärkere Anforderungen <a href="Homogene_Funktion" title="Homogene Funktion">homogen</a> und <a href="Additivit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Additivität">additiv</a> sein müssen. Jede sublineare Funktion ist insbesondere <a href="Konvexe_Funktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Konvexe Funktion">konvex</a>; umgekehrt ist jede positiv homogene und konvexe Funktion sublinear. Sublineare Funktionen spielen in der <a href="Funktionalanalysis" title="Funktionalanalysis">Funktionalanalysis</a> im <a href="Satz_von_Hahn-Banach" title="Satz von Hahn-Banach">Satz von Hahn-Banach</a> eine zentrale Rolle.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Eine reellwertige <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Funktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon V\rightarrow \mathbb {R} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon V\rightarrow \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/231f81977a3674efda87cff2a9e9d89fd395b60c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.392ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon V\rightarrow \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> auf einem <a href="Vektorraum" title="Vektorraum">Vektorraum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> über den <a href="Reelle_Zahl" title="Reelle Zahl">reellen</a> oder <a href="Komplexe_Zahl" title="Komplexe Zahl">komplexen Zahlen</a> heißt sublinear, wenn für alle positiven reellen Zahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha >0}">
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<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha >0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/edd4f784b6e8bb68fa774213ceacbab2d97825dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.749ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha >0}" loading="lazy"></span> und für alle <a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">Vektoren</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x,y\in V}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x,y\in V}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/89e1c8106b3df898a0338c2ebce32902e4941fc8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.147ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x,y\in V}" loading="lazy"></span> die folgenden beiden Bedingungen erfüllt sind:<sup id="cite_ref-werner93_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-werner93-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(\alpha \cdot x)=\alpha \cdot f(x)}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
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<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(\alpha \cdot x)=\alpha \cdot f(x)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/78526a12dbec51a354ff1b1bd8015f4a6a3644fc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.267ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(\alpha \cdot x)=\alpha \cdot f(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> (<a href="Homogene_Funktion#Positive_Homogenität" title="Homogene Funktion">Positive Homogenität</a>)</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x+y)\leq f(x)+f(y)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x+y)\leq f(x)+f(y)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0440ac144d656f8aa4edb50a971376aad15ff3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.013ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x+y)\leq f(x)+f(y)}" loading="lazy"></span> (<a href="Additivit%C3%A4t#Sub-_und_Superadditivität" class="mw-redirect" title="Additivität">Subadditivität</a>)</li></ul>
<p>Die hierbei geforderte <a href="Homogene_Funktion" title="Homogene Funktion">Homogenität</a> ist vom Grad eins. Die Einschränkung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> auf die positiven reellen Zahlen in der Definition ist wichtig, denn subadditive und für alle reelle Zahlen homogene Funktionen sind bereits additiv und damit <a href="Lineare_Abbildung" title="Lineare Abbildung">linear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<ul><li>Reellwertige lineare Funktionen sind sublinear; gleiches gilt auch für den <a href="Betragsfunktion" title="Betragsfunktion">Betrag</a> reell- oder komplexwertiger linearer Funktionen.</li>
<li><a href="Norm_(Mathematik)" title="Norm (Mathematik)">Normen</a> und <a href="Halbnorm" title="Halbnorm">Halbnormen</a> sind sublinear; ebenso <a href="Minkowski-Funktional" title="Minkowski-Funktional">Minkowski-Funktionale</a> auf <a href="Konvexe_Menge" title="Konvexe Menge">konvexen</a> und <a href="Absorbierende_Menge" title="Absorbierende Menge">absorbierenden</a> Mengen.</li>
<li>Für <a href="Beschr%C3%A4nktheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Beschränktheit">beschränkte</a> komplexwertige <a href="Folge_(Mathematik)" title="Folge (Mathematik)">Folgen</a> ist der <a href="Limes_superior_und_Limes_inferior" title="Limes superior und Limes inferior">Limes superior</a> der <a href="Komplexe_Zahl#Definition" title="Komplexe Zahl">Realteile</a> der Folgenglieder eine sublineare Abbildung.<sup id="cite_ref-werner93_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-werner93-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nullstellen">Nullstellen</h3></div>
<p>Im <a href="Nullvektor" title="Nullvektor">Nullpunkt</a> besitzt eine sublineare Funktion immer den Wert <a href="Null" title="Null">Null</a>, was aus der positiven Homogenität durch Setzen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=0}">
<semantics>
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<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/953917eaf52f2e1baad54c8c9e3d6f9bb3710cdc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=0}" loading="lazy"></span> über
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(0)=f(\alpha \cdot 0)=\alpha \cdot f(0)~~\forall \alpha >0~\Rightarrow ~f(0)=0}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(0)=f(\alpha \cdot 0)=\alpha \cdot f(0)~~\forall \alpha >0~\Rightarrow ~f(0)=0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7eae6ad5327e2238e28d6cc238c55256551722d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:46.77ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(0)=f(\alpha \cdot 0)=\alpha \cdot f(0)~~\forall \alpha >0~\Rightarrow ~f(0)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>folgt. Daher kann die Forderung der positiven Homogenität auch auf die nichtnegativen reellen Zahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha \geq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha \geq 0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9e01f6a4360f062e662779cb235d41c7c68a557.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.749ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha \geq 0}" loading="lazy"></span> erweitert werden. Eine sublineare Funktion kann aber auch noch weitere <a href="Nullstelle" title="Nullstelle">Nullstellen</a> haben; insbesondere ist die <a href="Nullfunktion" title="Nullfunktion">Nullfunktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\equiv 0}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\equiv 0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f3f8c50ad49a75e73abba74c35712a860f5bfa47.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.54ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\equiv 0}" loading="lazy"></span> sublinear.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positivität_und_Negativität"><span id="Positivit.C3.A4t_und_Negativit.C3.A4t"></span>Positivität und Negativität</h3></div>
<p>Sublineare Funktionen können grundsätzlich negative Werte annehmen. Ist aber <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)<0}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)<0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f04fbc4426566fb1c320c9418e982baf23f8f2e7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.678ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)<0}" loading="lazy"></span> an einer Stelle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in V}">
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<mi>x</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in V}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa374e20b2db7f6b8caa71ff1865f7f84f215c9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.958ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in V}" loading="lazy"></span>, so muss aufgrund von
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0=f(0)=f(x+(-x))\leq f(x)+f(-x)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0=f(0)=f(x+(-x))\leq f(x)+f(-x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0910a485010f0cf6d09596f1f31f31140b4f727.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:40.397ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0=f(0)=f(x+(-x))\leq f(x)+f(-x)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>an der Stelle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae55e66aeffc525917eed885b4b753ba5a7f8b3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:3.138ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -x}" loading="lazy"></span> gelten, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(-x)>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(-x)>0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/deeacf7807ba55f345e6a667b5faf4b39be4caf6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.487ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(-x)>0}" loading="lazy"></span> ist. Eine sublineare Funktion nimmt also an mindestens so vielen Stellen positive Werte an, wie sie negative Werte annimmt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konvexität"><span id="Konvexit.C3.A4t"></span>Konvexität</h3></div>
<p>Jede sublineare Funktion ist <a href="Konvexe_Funktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Konvexe Funktion">konvex</a>, was für reelle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\leq t\leq 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\leq t\leq 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86496f1001838495964ccca2851a6f29ff0c36a9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.361ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\leq t\leq 1}" loading="lazy"></span> aus der Subadditivität und der positiven Homogenität direkt über
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(tx+(1-t)y)\leq f(tx)+f((1-t)y)=tf(x)+(1-t)f(y)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(tx+(1-t)y)\leq f(tx)+f((1-t)y)=tf(x)+(1-t)f(y)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1f6722004ec3c31bdf90928afa11e926061d8bb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:60.087ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(tx+(1-t)y)\leq f(tx)+f((1-t)y)=tf(x)+(1-t)f(y)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>folgt. Umgekehrt ist jede positiv homogene und konvexe Funktion subadditiv und damit sublinear, was durch Setzen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t={\tfrac {1}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t={\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b559c6996ad1dd8a3a812fd59393c1c31f47dd25.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:5.596ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t={\tfrac {1}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mittels
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x+y)=2f\left({\tfrac {1}{2}}x+{\tfrac {1}{2}}y\right)\leq 2\left(f\left({\tfrac {1}{2}}x\right)+f\left({\tfrac {1}{2}}y\right)\right)=f(x)+f(y)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
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</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
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<mi>x</mi>
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<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
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</mrow>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x+y)=2f\left({\tfrac {1}{2}}x+{\tfrac {1}{2}}y\right)\leq 2\left(f\left({\tfrac {1}{2}}x\right)+f\left({\tfrac {1}{2}}y\right)\right)=f(x)+f(y)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/441d8c6c95ce6141b041792317d5720df7d7a108.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:62.722ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x+y)=2f\left({\tfrac {1}{2}}x+{\tfrac {1}{2}}y\right)\leq 2\left(f\left({\tfrac {1}{2}}x\right)+f\left({\tfrac {1}{2}}y\right)\right)=f(x)+f(y)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gezeigt werden kann.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In der obigen Definition kann also die Subadditivität auch durch Konvexität ersetzt werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendung">Anwendung</h2></div>
<p>Eine wichtige Anwendung von sublinearen Funktionen findet sich im <a href="Satz_von_Hahn-Banach" title="Satz von Hahn-Banach">Satz von Hahn-Banach</a>. Demnach besitzt ein <a href="Funktional#Lineare_Funktionale" title="Funktional">lineares Funktional</a> auf einem <a href="Untervektorraum" title="Untervektorraum">Untervektorraum</a> eines reellen Vektorraums, das von einer sublinearen Funktion beschränkt wird, eine lineare <a href="Einschr%C3%A4nkung" title="Einschränkung">Fortsetzung</a> auf dem Gesamtraum, die ebenfalls durch diese sublineare Funktion beschränkt wird. Als Konsequenz stellt der Satz von Hahn-Banach die Existenz von genügend vielen <a href="Stetige_Funktion" title="Stetige Funktion">stetigen</a> und linearen Funktionalen auf einem <a href="Normierter_Raum" title="Normierter Raum">normierten Raum</a> sicher und bildet somit eine zentrale Grundlage für die <a href="Funktionalanalysis" title="Funktionalanalysis">Funktionalanalysis</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Dirk_Werner_(Mathematiker)" title="Dirk Werner (Mathematiker)">Dirk Werner</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Funktionalanalysis</cite>. Springer, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-72533-6.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Sublineare+Funktion&rft.au=Dirk+Werner&rft.btitle=Funktionalanalysis&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783540725336&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Peter Kosmol: <cite style="font-style:italic">Optimierung und Approximation</cite>. de Gruyter, 2010, ISBN 978-3-11-021814-5.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Sublineare+Funktion&rft.au=Peter+Kosmol&rft.btitle=Optimierung+und+Approximation&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783110218145&rft.pub=de+Gruyter" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise_und_Anmerkungen">Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-werner93-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-werner93_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-werner93_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner: <cite style="font-style:italic">Funktionalanalysis</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>93</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Sublineare+Funktion&rft.au=Werner&rft.btitle=Funktionalanalysis&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=93" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">da dann <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x+y)\,=\,-f((-x)+(-y))\,\geq \,-(f(-x)+f(-y))\,=\,f(x)+f(y)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>=</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>=</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x+y)\,=\,-f((-x)+(-y))\,\geq \,-(f(-x)+f(-y))\,=\,f(x)+f(y)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/69870a25512b29608a9d06fcfcd43fee7a9f79ac.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:67.724ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x+y)\,=\,-f((-x)+(-y))\,\geq \,-(f(-x)+f(-y))\,=\,f(x)+f(y)}" loading="lazy"></span> und somit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x+y)\,=\,f(x)+f(y)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>=</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x+y)\,=\,f(x)+f(y)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5be4e46025f2c12cc43794c4fd749e1354d75e70.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.787ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x+y)\,=\,f(x)+f(y)}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kosmol: <cite style="font-style:italic">Optimierung und Approximation</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>46</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Sublineare+Funktion&rft.au=Kosmol&rft.btitle=Optimierung+und+Approximation&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=46" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
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